📘 学术动词比较：capture vs. represent vs. illustrate
| 用法维度 | capture | represent | illustrate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 捕捉/体现 | 表示/代表 | 举例说明 |
| 偏好语境 | 系统行为、动力学、模拟 | 抽象定义、数学模型 | 概念教学、图解说明 |
| 语气风格 | 理性、精确 | 中性、定义性 | 解释性、直观 |
| 搭配 | dynamics, mechanism, feedback | system, function, matrix | example, diagram, figure |
✅ 例句：
- 📌 The model captures the key features of the reproductive pulse system.
- 📌 The variable ( N ) represents the population density.
- 📌 Figure 2 illustrates the periodic pattern of species invasion.
📘 depict vs. describe vs. express 对比笔记
| 维度 | depict | describe | express |
|---|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 生动描绘 | 详细说明 | 表达思想或情绪 |
| 语气 | 稍正式，形象化 | 中性、解释性 | 抽象、理性或感性 |
| 常用搭配 | scene, process, result, diagram | method, process, behavior | idea, formula, opinion, solution |
| 学术例句 | |||
| ✅ | The diagram depicts the periodic pulse clearly. | ||
| ✅ | We describe the movement using reaction-diffusion equations. | ||
| ✅ | The density function is expressed analytically. |
📘 demonstrate vs indicate vs reveal
✅ 表达逻辑意义的动词（“表明、揭示、说明”）
| 维度 | demonstrate | indicate | reveal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 通过证据或论证清楚表明某事成立 | 通过数据或迹象指出可能成立 | 揭示出先前未知或不明显的信息 |
| 语气强度 | 最强，强调“证据支持” | 中等，偏中性保守 | 偏中性，可用于“揭示机制或现象” |
| 语境 | 实验验证、数学证明、实证研究 | 数据分析、趋势观察、弱因果关系 | 机制发现、非显性模式提取 |
| 常见对象 | results, effects, relationship | data, trend, symptom, finding | structure, pattern, mechanism |
| 学术语气 | 明确论证 | 暗示倾向性 | 暴露隐藏因果或结构 |
🧪 示例句
Demonstrate
✅ The experiment demonstrates that the growth rate depends on temperature.
✅ We demonstrate the global stability of the system using Lyapunov methods.Indicate
✅ The data indicate a slight increase in biodiversity over time.
✅ Our results indicate that invasive species tend to establish in disturbed areas.Reveal
✅ The analysis reveals a previously unknown interaction between the two species.
✅ This structure reveals the spatial heterogeneity of the diffusion process.
Our results demonstrate the validity of the proposed model and reveal new patterns of spatiotemporal variation. Moreover, the statistical trends indicate a consistent difference between the two population groups.
📘 model vs simulate vs analyze
✅ 表达“建模-模拟-分析”逻辑链条的常用动词
| 维度 | model | simulate | analyze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核心含义 | 构建理论或数学模型，刻画机制或系统结构 | 使用模型来再现行为/过程，通常通过计算机 | 研究、处理或解释数据、模型或系统 |
| 语义重心 | 建立抽象表达（equations, systems） | 再现动态、行为或过程（numerical/virtual） | 提取信息、理解规律（often post-simulation） |
| 语体风格 | 理论性、结构性 | 应用性、计算性 | 分析性、解释性 |
| 常见对象 | system, behavior, population, interaction | dynamics, process, scenario, response | data, result, solution, behavior |
| 时序逻辑 | 通常最先做 | 通常在模型基础上 | 通常是最后一步 |
🧪 示例句
Model
✅ We model the interaction between two competing species using a reaction–diffusion framework.
✅ The system is modeled by a set of differential equations.Simulate
✅ We simulate the long-term behavior of the system under various initial conditions.
✅ The epidemic spread is simulated on a network of 1000 nodes.Analyze
✅ We analyze the stability of equilibria using linearization techniques.
✅ The data are analyzed to reveal potential thresholds in population dynamics.
Recent studies suggest that density dependence may enhance population persistence.
In contrast, we argue that temporal variability, rather than spatial structure, plays a dominant role.
Although some authors claim that the reaction term is negligible, our analysis disproves this assumption.
📘 suggest vs argue vs claim
✅ 表达“提出/主张/声称”的逻辑性动词组
| 维度 | suggest | argue | claim |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核心含义 | 提出某种观点或可能性，语气温和 | 有逻辑地陈述和支持观点，强调推理 | 强烈地表达观点，语气最强，常无充分证据 |
| 语气强度 | ⭐（最弱，委婉） | ⭐⭐（中等，理性辩证） | ⭐⭐⭐（最强，主观性高） |
| 学术立场 | 开放性提出、用于讨论或引用 | 推理论证，强调“逻辑支持” | 陈述立场或看法，有时带争议性 |
| 典型语境 | 模型假设、文献综述、研究动机 | 理论推演、方法比较、反驳意见 | 文献引用、理论提出者表述 |
| 是否适合自我表达？ | 是，常用于提出研究思路 | 是，适合建立推理过程 | 谨慎使用（用于转述他人观点更合适） |
🧪 示例句
Suggest
✅ These results suggest that seasonal reproduction may stabilize the population.
✅ Previous studies suggest the existence of a threshold value.Argue
✅ We argue that impulsive effects play a crucial role in shaping the dynamics.
✅ The authors argue that spatial heterogeneity cannot be neglected.Claim
✅ Smith (2020) claims that diffusion is irrelevant in short-term dynamics.
✅ Some researchers claim that climate change is the primary driver of invasion.
In this study, we model the spatiotemporal evolution of an invasive population using a reaction–diffusion framework. Numerical experiments are conducted to simulate the dynamics under various pulse regimes, and the results are analyzed to identify bifurcation structures and long-term patterns.