英语连接词与过渡信号指南

1. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)

功能	连词	例句
添加原因	for	Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat healthful diets.
添加相似/等同观点	and	They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat lightly.
添加否定等同观点	nor	They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products. (注：nor后需倒装)
添加对立观点	but	Diet is one factor in longevity, but it is not the only factor.
添加替代可能性	or	Limit animal fat in your diet, or you risk heart disease.
意外转折	yet	Smoking affects longevity, yet Japanese have high tobacco use rates.
预期结果	so	Stress is a longevity factor, so avoid it to live longer.

---

2. 连词副词 (Conjunctive Adverbs)

功能	连词副词	例句
添加相似/等同观点	also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, as well, too	Community colleges offer job training; furthermore, they prepare transfers to universities.
意外转折	however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still	Community college is affordable; however, many need financial aid.
完全对比	on the other hand, in contrast	Community college tuition is low; in contrast, private schools are expensive.
替代可能性	otherwise	Students must take exams; otherwise, they get an incomplete grade.
预期结果	accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus	English classes are separated; therefore, native and nonnative students learn separately.
举例说明	for example, for instance	Colleges require writing tests; for example, my college mandates passing before graduation.

---

3. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions)

3.1 时间 (When?)

连词	例句
after	After we ate lunch, we went shopping.
when	When I turned 12, my mother let me keep the key.
while	While I searched for the key, it rained harder.

3.2 地点 (Where?)

连词	例句
where	I like to shop where prices are low.
wherever	I try to shop wherever there is a sale.

3.3 原因 (Why?)

连词	例句
because	I can’t take evening classes because I work at night.
since	Since I work at night, I can’t take evening classes.

3.4 条件 (Under what condition?)

连词	例句
if	We won’t go hiking if it rains.
unless	We won’t go hiking unless the weather is perfect.

3.5 对比与让步

连词	例句
although	Although we disagree, I love my brother.
whereas	He likes classical music, whereas I prefer rock.

---

4. 特殊连词副词

4.1 替代与修正

连词	例句
instead	The medicine didn’t help; instead, it made him worse.
on the contrary	He didn’t fail; on the contrary, he got the highest score.

4.2 解释说明

连词	例句
in other words	Some cultures are matriarchal; in other words, mothers lead families.
that is	It’s a matriarchal system; that is, women hold primary power.

4.3 加强陈述

连词	例句
indeed	Mangoes are popular; indeed, they are the most eaten fruit globally.
in fact	He claimed innocence; in fact, he was guilty.

---

附录：标点与语法注意事项

逗号使用规则

情况	规则	例句
从句在前	从句（尤其是状语从句）位于主句前时，需加逗号分隔。	When it rains, the ground gets wet.
从句在后	从句位于主句后时，通常不加逗号（状语从句、限制性定语从句）。	The ground gets wet when it rains.
非限制性定语从句	必须用逗号与主句隔开，提供附加信息。	My brother, who lives in Paris, is coming to visit.
名词性从句	主语从句、宾语从句等与主句之间不加逗号。	What he said surprised everyone.
并列连词（FANBOYS）	并列连词连接两个独立分句时，连词前加逗号。	I like tea, but she prefers coffee.
长从句或强调	若从句较长或需强调，即使在后也可加逗号（非强制）。	She accepted the job, even though it required moving to another city.

其他语法规则

• 倒装结构：
  • nor后需倒装（例：He can’t sing, nor can he dance.）。
• 例外情况：
  • as表原因时，部分作者加逗号（例：I love flowers, as most women do.）。